United States Trade Representative (USTR) Section 301 Annual Reports (2001-2007)
Section 301 of 1984 Trade & Tariff Act (which amended 1974 Trade Act) gave the US President authority to deal with states that failed to provide “adequate and effective” protection for US intellectual property rights.
Under Section 301, punishment for a foreign country that fails to provide protection for US intellectual property:
US President can authorize withdrawal of trade benefits or impose duties on goods (or USTR can “self-initiate” a 301 Action without President).
Step 1: “Watch List”
Step 2: “Priority Watch List”
Step 3: “Priority Foreign Country” = Possible trade retaliation from US
Under “Special 301” enacted in 1988, USTR identifies countries that denied “adequate and effective protection” of US intellectual property or that denied “fair and equitable market access” to US intellectual property holders. Any “interested person” can file a petition asking USTR to launch Section 301 investigation and deny trade benefits to a country. Often, industry trade organizations such as the RIAA and MPAA file Special 301 Petitions and begin the process of US trade retaliation against foreign countries.
Noteworthy Early “301 Actions”:
In 1985 USTR initiated first two Section 301 Actions (against Brazil over its informatics law, and against Korea over pharmaceuticals). Korea signed a bi-lateral agreement with the US in 1986 to change its intellectual property law to appease the US.
In 1987 the USTR filed another 301 Action against Brazil over drug patents that resulted in US $39 million in tariffs imposed on Brazil in 1988. The trade sanctions on Brazil were lifted in 1990 after the Brazilian president said he would seek the IPR legislation that the United States wanted.
In 1988 the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association filed a Special 301 Petition against Argentina for greater monopoly rights over medicine. The petition was withdrawn after Argentina amended its patent laws to comply with the US trade organization’s wishes.
In 1991 the USTR filed a 301 Action against India, which began the process of India changing its IPR law to please US interests.
In 1994 the US imposed tariffs on China over intellectual property, but an agreement was reached between the US and China, a “Memorandum of Understanding” before the tariffs went into effect.
Its also noteworthy that nearly EVERY country in the world is on one of these USTR lists as not providing sufficient protection to US IPR interests and on the road to trade sanctions.
USTR Section 301 Annual Reports
| COUNTRY | YEAR | TYPE OF WATCH | USTR FOCUS | TYPE OF IPR | COMMENTS |
| BAHAMAS | |||||
| 2001 | N/A | ||||
| 2002 | Watch List | Cable Television | Copyrights | ||
| 2003 | Priority Watch List | Cable Programs; Copyright Legislation; Over-the -Air Broadcasts | Copyrights | ||
| 2004 | Priority Watch List | Cable Programs; Motion Pictures | Copyrights | ||
| 2005 | Watch List | Copyright Infringement of Cable Television and Motion Pictures; Absence of Implementations of the Copyright Amendments | Copyrights | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Cable Television | Copyrights | Continued failure to implement 2004 copyright amendment to agreement between US and Bahamas first reached in 2000. | |
| 2007 | N/A | ||||
| 2008 | N/A | ||||
| BELARUS | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Not Yet a Party to the Geneva Phonograms Convention | Copyrights | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Sound Recordings; Transshipment Point for Pirate Materials Throughout the Region; Optical Disk Production; Border Enforcement | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Sound Recordings; Transshipment Point for Pirate Materials Throughout the Region | Copyrights | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | Pre-Existing Works and Sound Recordings; Optical Media Piracy; No “ex officio” Raids of Seizures | Copyrights | ||
| 2005 | Watch List | Inadequate Protection for Pre-Existing Works and Sound Recordings; Weak Border Protection; Illegal Optical Media Plants; Inadequate Civil and Criminal Procedures | Copyrights | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Enforcement; Piracy (optical media plants), | Copyrights | Continued failure to adhere to U.S.-Belarus Trade Agreement; No criminal code or civil law to prosecute for seized illegal products at border. | |
| 2007 | Watch List | Piracy; Inadequate Copyright Laws; Inadequate Protection for Sound Recordings and Pre-existing Works; Software Piracy | Copyrights | ||
| 2008 | Watch List | Inadequate Police Powers; Border Enforcement; Software Piracy | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| BOLIVIA | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Inadequate Laws; Pharmaceuticals; Pirated Software | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Stalled Legislature | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Enforcement Sporadic and Ineffective; Piracy of CD’s, Videos and Software | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | No “ex parte” Civil Searches; IPR Enforcement Sporadic and Ineffective; Border Enforcement Weak; Piracy of Videos, Sound Recordings and Software | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2005 | Watch List | Border Enforcement; Music Piracy; Commercial Photocopying of Books, Unauthorized Translations of Books, Video Piracy, and Business and Entertainment Software Piracy | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Enforcement | Copyrights; Trademarks | No notable improvements. | |
| 2007 | Watch List | Piracy; Counterfeiting; Inadequate Copyright Laws; Delays in Civil Enforcement | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2008 | Watch List | Rampant Piracy and Counterfeiting; Pharmaceuticals | Trademarks; Copyrights; Patents | ||
| BULGARIA | |||||
| 2001 | N/A | ||||
| 2002 | N/A | ||||
| 2003 | N/A | ||||
| 2004 | Watch List | Pirated Optical Disc Media; Ineffective Prosecutions and Minimal Judicial Sentences; Weak Border Enforcement; Counterfeiting of Spirits | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2005 | Watch List | Ineffective Anti-Piracy and Anti-Counterfeiting Enforcement Efforts; Optical Disc Piracy; Pirated CDs and DVDs; Inadequate Criminal Code; Ineffective Sentences | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Judicial Enforcement; Patent/Trademark Infringement | Patents; Trademarks | In Feb. 2006 newly formed Council of I.P. Protection approved penal code criminalizing possession of counterfeited products. | |
| 2007 | N/A | ||||
| 2008 | N/A | ||||
| CANADA | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Pharmaceuticals | Patents | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Pharmaceuticals; Border Enforcement | Patents | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Unauthorized Patented Medicines; Weak Border Enforcement | Patents; Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | Ratification of the WIPO Internet Treaties, and Implementation of Legislation on Patenting of Higher Life Formers; Judicial Procedures; Patented Medicines; Weak Border Enforcement | Trademarks; Patents; Copyrights | ||
| 2005 | Watch List | Inadequate Copyright Law; Ineffective Protection of Works in Digital Environment; Stop Counterfeit and Pirated Goods Being Transshipped Through Country; Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Ratification and Implementation of WIPO Internet Treaties; Border Enforcement; (Digital/Pharmaceutical) | Copyrights; Patents | Awaiting outcome of new government elected in early 2006 | |
| 2007 | Watch List | Camcording of Films in Movie Theaters; Counterfeit and Pirated Products; Pirated and Counterfeit Products Transshipped and Transited Through Canada; Weak Border Enforcement | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| 2008 | Watch List | Copyright Reform; Border Enforcement | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| CHILE | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Legislation not in Compliance with TRIPS’ Pending Patent Applications; Serious Piracy and Counterfeiting | Copyrights; Patents; Trademarks | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Delays in Court; Weak Sentences; Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Pharmaceuticals | Patents | Chile’s Congress approved in December of 2003 legislation intended to bring the country into compliance with a number of TRIPS commitments. | |
| 2004 | Watch List | Digital Piracy; Pharmaceuticals | Patents; Copyrights | U.S.-Chile Trade Agreement entered into in January 2004. | |
| 2005 | Watch List | Inadequate Deterrent Penalties; Digital Piracy; Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Unfair commercial use of undisclosed tests and other data by pharmaceutical companies; Insufficient coordination between health and patent authorities; Patent-Infringing; Copyright Piracy; Trademark Counterfeiting | Patents; Copyrights; Trademarks | Has not fully implemented legislation to comply with U.S.-Chile Free Trade Agreement obligations | |
| 2007 | Priority Watch List | Pharmaceuticals; Piracy; Counterfeiting; Digital Piracy; Ineffective Deterrent Penalties; Amendments to Legislation Needed | Patents; Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2008 | Priority Watch List | Pharmaceuticals; Copyright Piracy; Trademark Counterfeiting; Inadequate IP Legislation | Patents; Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| COLOMBIA | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Inadequate Copyright Laws; Cable Piracy; Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2002 | Priority Watch List | Pharmaceuticals; Ineffective Copyright and Trademark Laws; Cable Piracy; Rare Prosecutions | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Pirated Sound Recordings; Flea Markets; Piracy of Business Software and Videogame Software | |||
| 2004 | Watch List | Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products; Piracy of Music and Motion Pictures; Photocopying Piracy; Optical Disc Piracy | Patents; Trademarks; Copyrights | Music piracy alone estimated at $51 million in Colombia in 2004. | |
| 2005 | Watch List | Optical Disc Piracy; Illegal Photocopying of Academic Textbooks, Business Software, and Entertainment Software; Border Enforcement | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Enforcement; Inadequate Judicial System; Border Enforcement; Copyright Piracy; Optical disc Piracy; Business/Entertainment Software Piracy | Copyrights; Trademarks | U.S.-Columbia Trade Promotion Agreement concluded in Feb. 2006 | |
| 2007 | Watch List | Copyright Piracy; Judicial System; Border Enforcement | Copyrights; Trademarks | Recently completed free trade agreement | |
| 2008 | Watch List | Inadequate Prosecutions; Deterrent Sentences; Border Enforcement | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| COSTA RICA | |||||
| 2001 | Priority Watch List | Deficiencies in Patent Law | Patents | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Pirated Products | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Delays in Judicial Proceedings | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | Inadequate Criminal and Civil Systems for Prosecuting IPR Infringements | Copyrights; Trademarks | In August 2004 Costa Rica signed the U.S.-Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement. | |
| 2005 | Watch List | Inadequate Data Protection and Patent Laws | Copyrights, Trademarks; Patents | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Legislation; Enforcement; Pharmaceuticals; Copyright Piracy; Trademark Counterfeiting | Copyrights; Trademarks | Only partner to not ratify the U.S.-Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement | |
| 2007 | Watch List | Piracy; Counterfeiting | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | Recently completed free trade agreement | |
| 2008 | Watch List | Piracy Counterfeiting; Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| CROATIA | |||||
| 2001 | N/A | ||||
| 2002 | N/A | ||||
| 2003 | Watch List | Delayed Judicial Decision Making; Delays in Granting of Health Registration | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | Pharmaceuticals (copycats, lengthy registration periods) | Patents | In February 2004 the Croatian Government ratified the 1998 U.S.-Croatia MOU concerning IPR. | |
| 2005 | Watch List | Pharmaceuticals | Patents | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Pharmaceuticals; Border Enforcement | Patents | ||
| 2007 | N/A | ||||
| 2008 | N/A | ||||
| DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | |||||
| 2001 | Priority Watch List | ||||
| 2002 | Priority Watch List | Television Piracy | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Television Piracy; Patent Laws | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | Copyright Piracy; Patent Protection; Inadequate Judicial Remedies | Copyrights, Patents | Signed the U.S.-Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement in August 2004. | |
| 2005 | Watch List | Broadcast Piracy; Ineffective Prosecutions | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Enforcement; Pharmaceuticals; Broadcast Piracy | Copyrights; Trademarks | Steps taken in Jan. of 2006 to ratify WIPO Internet Treaties | |
| 2007 | Watch List | High Levels of Piracy and Counterfeiting | Copyrights; Trademarks | Recently completed free trade agreement | |
| 2008 | Watch List | High Levels of Piracy and Counterfeiting; Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| ECUADOR | |||||
| 2001 | N/A | ||||
| 2002 | N/A | ||||
| 2003 | Watch List | Medicine Patents; Piracy of Educational Software | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | Pharmaceuticals; Piracy of Sound Recordings, Computer Software, and Motion Pictures; Counterfeiting Brand Name Apparel; Courts Unwilling to Enforce Laws | Patents, Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2005 | Watch List | Sound Recordings; Computer Software; Illegal Commercial Photocopying of Books; Border Enforcement; Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products; Limited Government Resources Dedicated to Anti-Piracy and Anti-Counterfeiting Activities | Trademarks, Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Judicial Enforcement; Music Piracy; Pharmaceuticals; Business Software Piracy | Copyrights, Trademarks; Patents | Still no specialized IP court | |
| 2007 | Watch List | Piracy; No Specialized IPR Court; Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2008 | Watch List | Pharmaceuticals | Patents | ||
| EUROPEAN UNION | |||||
| 2001 | Priority Watch List | Protection of Geographical Indications for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs | Patents; Copyrights | ||
| 2002 | Priority Watch List | Protection of Geographical Indications for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs | Patents; Copyrights | ||
| 2003 | Priority Watch List | Protection of Geographical Indications for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs; Lack of Full Implementation of the EU Biotech Directive | Patents; Copyrights | ||
| 2004 | Priority Watch List | Geographical Indications for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs; Lack of Full Implementation of the EU Biotechnology Directive | Patents; Copyrights | ||
| 2005 | Watch List | Lack of Full Implementation of the EU Biotech Directive | WTO dispute panel found that the EU GI Regulation impermissibly discriminates against U.S. products and producers in April of 2005. | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Geographical Indications | Trademarks | ||
| 2007 | N/A | ||||
| 2008 | N/A | ||||
| GUATEMALA | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Inadequate Laws | Copyrights; Patents; Trademarks | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Business Software | Copyrights | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Patents; Decreased Criminal Penalties | Patents; Copyrights | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | New Legislation | Patents | Legislation Introduced in April 2004 that would revoke data exclusivity. | |
| 2005 | Watch List | High Levels of Piracy and Counterfeiting; Pharmaceuticals and Agricultural Products | Trademarks; Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Stronger Legislation; Enforcement; Pharmaceutical & Agricultural Chemical Companies Products | |||
| 2007 | Watch List | Piracy; Counterfeiting; Pharmaceuticals | Patents; Copyrights; Trademarks | Recently completed free trade agreement | |
| 2008 | Watch List | Enforcement | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| HUNGARY | |||||
| 2001 | Priority Watch List | Pharmaceuticals; Ineffective Prosecutors and Judicial Authorities | Patents | ||
| 2002 | Priority Watch List | Pharmaceuticals | Patents | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Piracy | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | Data Exclusivity Law; Patent Infringement; Piracy of Optical and Auditory Media | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2005 | Watch List | Prosecutorial Delays; Low Fines; Weak Sentences; Weak Border Enforcement; Piracy of Sound Recordings and Motion Pictures; Unauthorized Optical Disc Plants; Business and Entertainment Software Piracy; Photocopying of Books; Pharmaceuticals | Trademarks; Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Judicial Enforcement; Border Enforcement; Pharmaceuticals; Copyright Piracy (via internet); | Copyrights; Patents | Formed Inter-Ministerial Task Force | |
| 2007 | Watch List | Piracy; Internet Piracy; Prosecutorial Delays; Judicial Imposition; Weak Border Enforcement; Pharmaceuticals | Patents; Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2008 | Watch List | Internet Piracy; Counterfeiting | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| ITALY | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Pirating of Video Products, Sound Recordings, Computer Software, Books, and Video Games; Counterfeiting of Trademarked Apparel | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Business Software | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Piracy of Business Applications Software; Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | Business Software; Ineffective Judicial System; Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| 2005 | Watch List | Business and Entertainment Software Piracy; Motion Picture, Music and Book Piracy; Inadequate Anti-Piracy Legislation | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Judicial Enforcement; Copyright Piracy on the Internet; Copyright & Trademark Infringement | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2007 | Watch List | Judicial Imposition; Internet Piracy | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| 2008 | Watch List | Lack of Deterrent Sentences; Internet Piracy | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| JAMAICA | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Lacks Patent; Industrial Design, Geographical Indication of Plant Variety Legislation Consistent with TRIPS | Patents; Copyrights | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Patent, Industrial Design and Plant Variety Laws | Patents; Copyrights | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Pharmaceuticals | Patents | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | Failure to Enact the Patents and Designs Act | Patents | ||
| 2005 | Watch List | Patent Laws | Patents | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Inadequate Patent Laws | Patents | ||
| 2007 | Watch List | Delay in Enacting the Patents and Designs Act; Patent Law | Patents | ||
| 2008 | Watch List | Delay in Enacting the Patents and Designs Act | Patents | ||
| KUWAIT | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Piracy of Computer Software | Copyrights | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Lack of Deterrent Penalties; Copyright Laws | Copyrights | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Piracy | Copyrights | ||
| 2004 | Priority Watch List | Inadequate Copyright Law; Insufficient Penalties; Optical disc Piracy; Cable Piracy | Copyrights | Kuwait Custom’s creation of a special IPR unit of April 2004. U.S.-Kuwait Trade and Investment Framework Agreement signed in February of 2004. | |
| 2005 | Priority Watch List | Copyright Piracy, Inadequate Copyright Laws, Retail Optical Disc Piracy, Software, Cable, Internet Piracy | Copyrights | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Implementation of IPR Legislation; Copyrights; Trademarks; Geographical Indications; Patents; Data Protection; Retail Optical Disk Piracy; Business Software Piracy; Cable Piracy; Internet Piracy | Copyrights; Trademarks | New IPR committee formed (includes Ministries of Justice, Interior, Information, and Commerce and Industry) | |
| 2007 | Watch List | Street Vendors; Pirate Cable Operators | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2008 | Watch List | Inadequate Legislation | Copyrights, Trademarks; Patents | ||
| LATVIA | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Pirated Products are Transshipped Through Latvia from Russia and Ukraine; Poor on the Ground Enforcement; Border Control | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Piracy of Optical Media | Copyrights | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Piracy of Optical Media Products; Transshipment Point fro Russia and Ukraine | Copyrights | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | Transshipment Point for Russia; Piracy of Motion Pictures, Records, Music and Entertainment; Internet Piracy | Copyrights | ||
| 2005 | Watch List | Transshipment Market for Pirated Goods; Pirated Motion Pictures, Records, Music, Entertainment Software and Video Games; Border Enforcement | Trademarks; Copyrights | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Stronger Penalties for IPR Infringers; Border Enforcement; Internet Copyright Piracy | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2007 | N/A | ||||
| 2008 | N/A | ||||
| LITHUANIA | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Piracy of Optical Media; Major Transshipment Country; Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Transshipment Point | Copyrights | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Major Transshipment Country for Pirated Optical Media Goods in the East and Consumers in the West | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | Optical Media Piracy; Transshipment Point in the Baltic Region (eastern borders a problem); Pirated Music CDs , Audiocassettes, CD-ROMS, DVDs and Videogames | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2005 | Watch List | Optical Media Piracy; A Transshipment Point; Lack of Deterrent Sentences; Border Enforcement; Internet Piracy; Music; Entertainment and Business Software Piracy; Cable Piracy; Inadequate Copyright Laws | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Border Enforcement (transshipment problems); Internet Copyright Piracy (optical media) | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2007 | Watch List | Border Enforcement; Point for Transshipment of Pirated Optical Media for Baltic Region | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2008 | N/A | ||||
| MALAYSIA | |||||
| 2001 | Priority Watch List | Optical Disk Piracy; No Criminal Prosecutions | Copyrights | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Optical Media Piracy; Infrequent Police Raids; Lack of Criminal Sentences | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Optical Media Piracy (music, entertainment, business software); Counterfeiting of Office Machines and Apparel; Slow Judicial Process | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | Entertainment Software Piracy; Optical Media Piracy; Book Piracy; Few Prosecutions; Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | US copyright industry estimated loss of $188 million due to Malaysia in 2004. | |
| 2005 | Watch List | Optical Media; Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products; Weak Enforcement; Piracy of Apparel, Luxury Goods, Tobacco, Mobile Phone Batteries, and Toys | Trademarks; Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Licensed & Unlicensed Optical Disc Plants Producing Pirated Products; Internet Piracy & Counterfeiting; Pharmaceuticals | Trademarks; Copyrights | Deficiencies exist in current copyright laws complicating implementation of WIPO Internet Treaties | |
| 2007 | Watch List | Pharmaceuticals | Patents | ||
| 2008 | Watch List | Pharmaceuticals | Patents | ||
| MEXICO | |||||
| 2001 | N/A | ||||
| 2002 | N/A | ||||
| 2003 | Watch List | Lack of Coordination Between Mexican Health Officials and IMPI; Few Prosecutions and Fewer Convictions | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | Estimated $712 million loss to U.S. copyrights industry in 2003. | |
| 2004 | Watch List | Piracy of Sound Recordings and Motion Pictures; Lack of Deterrent Penalties; Failure to Destroy Seized Products | Copyrights; Trademarks | Estimated $870 million loss to U.S. copyright industry in 2004. | |
| 2005 | Watch List | Pharmaceuticals; Pirated Sound Recordings and Motion Pictures; Weak Enforcement | Patents; Trademarks, Copyrights | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Pharmaceuticals; Prosecutions & Penalties | Patents; Copyrights | Recent formation of specialized IPR customs unit. | |
| 2007 | Watch List | Courts do not Impose Convictions and Deterrent Sentences for Pirates and Counterfeiters; Pharmaceuticals | Patents; Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2008 | Watch List | Lack of Deterrent Sentences; Improve Coordination between Federal, State and Local Authorities; Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| PAKISTAN | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Piracy of Optical Media; Book Piracy; Refusal of Courts to Issue Ex Parte Search Orders; Piracy of Business Software; Delayed Court Proceedings and Non-Deterrent Penalties | Trademarks; Copyrights | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Piracy of CDS and Optical Media; Book Piracy | Trademarks; Copyrights | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Optical Media Piracy | Trademarks; Copyrights | ||
| 2004 | Priority Watch List | Pirated Optical Media of Copyrighted Sound Recordings, Motion Pictures, Business Software, and Published Materials; Counterfeiting of Apparel; Pharmaceuticals; Book Piracy; Overall Lax Enforcement | Trademarks; Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2005 | Priority Watch List | Inadequate Copyright Protection; Ineffective Criminal Penalties; Piracy and Counterfeiting of Optical Media, Apparel, Pharmaceuticals and Agricultural Products | Copyrights, Trademarks; Patents | “Pakistan is one of the world’s leading producers/exporters of pirated optical media of copyrighted sound recordings, motions pictures, business software, and published materials.” | |
| 2006 | Watch List | Piracy; Pharmaceuticals | Recent establishment of Intellectual Property Organization of Pakistan. | ||
| 2007 | Watch List | Pharmaceuticals | Patents | ||
| 2008 | Priority Watch List | Pharmaceuticals; Book Piracy; Lack of Deterrent Sentences | Patents; Copyrights | ||
| PERU | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Second Use Patents | Patents | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Piracy of Sound Recordings; Inadequate Enforcement | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Piracy of Sound Recordings; Few Prosecutions and Deterrent Sentences; Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products; Piracy of Sound Recordings, Textbooks, Books, Motion Pictures and Software; Optical Media Piracy | Patents; Trademarks; Copyrights | ||
| 2005 | Watch List | Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Products; Sound Recordings; Optical Discs; Weak Border Enforcement | Patents; Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Border Enforcement; Piracy of Sound Recordings & Business Software; Ineffective Coordination System Between Health and Patent Authorities; Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights; Patents | In April of 2006 U.S.-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement signed. | |
| 2007 | Watch List | Piracy Levels High; Inadequate Deterrent Sentences | Copyrights; Trademarks | Recently completed free trade agreement | |
| 2008 | Watch List | Piracy Levels High; Deterrent Sentences; Pharmaceuticals | Patents; Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| PHILIPPINES | |||||
| 2001 | Priority Watch List | Weak Copyright Enforcement; Piracy of Compact Disks and Other Optical Media; Cable Piracy; Piracy of Textbooks; No Civil Ex Parte Searches | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2002 | Priority Watch List | Optical Disk Piracy | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2003 | Priority Watch List | Optical Media Piracy; Piracy of Books, Cable Television, and Software Especially by end-users; Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals; Lack of Optical Media Legislation | Copyrights; Patents | Bureau of Customs created a permanent OPR unit in September 2003 to investigate all shipments of counterfeit and pirated goods. | |
| 2004 | Priority Watch List | Pirated Optical Discs of Cinematographic and Musical Works, Computer Games, and Business Software; Motion Picture and Cable Piracy; Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | Passage of Optical Media Act in February of 2004. Single seizure of optical discs, worth of which was $8 million, in December of 2004. | |
| 2005 | Priority Watch List | Book Piracy; Pirated Optical Media; Software Piracy; Non-Deterrent Sentences; Lack of Border Enforcement; Ineffective Judicial System | Copyrights, Trademarks | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Continued Enforcement of Optical Media Act; Copying of Textbooks; Customs Enforcement; Theft by Pirate Cable TV Operators; Implementation of WIPO Internet Treaties; Internet Piracy; Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals | All | ||
| 2007 | Watch List | Optical Disc Plants; Textbook Copying; Pirate Cable TV Operators; Internet Piracy | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2008 | Watch List | Book Piracy; Internet Piracy; Camcording of Films in Theaters; Optical Media Board needs Strengthening | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| POLAND | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Warsaw Stadium Problems; Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Warsaw Stadium Problems | Copyrights; Trademarks | Anti-Piracy Crusade Initiated | |
| 2003 | Priority Watch List | Lack of Political Will to Shut Down the Open Air Market Inside the Warsaw Stadium Which is Awash in Pirated Optical Media Products and Counterfeit Goods; Porous Borders; Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | Pharmaceuticals; Inadequate Patent Law; Weak Border Protection (primarily from Russia and Ukraine); Pirated Optical Discs; Weak Judicial System (untrained judges) | Patents; Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2005 | Watch List | Pharmaceuticals; Optical Disc Media; Sound Recordings, Audiovisual Products, Video Games and Business Software Applications; Internet Piracy | Trademarks, Patents, Copyrights | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Lack of Judicial Enforcement & Sentences; Border Enforcement; Pharmaceuticals; Internet Piracy; Counterfeiting | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2007 | N/A | Warsaw Stadium Closed | |||
| 2008 | Watch List | Internet Piracy; Border Enforcement; Inefficient Prosecutions; Deterrent Sentences; Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| REPUBLIC OF KOREA | |||||
| 2001 | Priority Watch List | Piracy of Educational Books; Copyright Laws; Software Piracy | Copyrights | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Software Piracy; Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Lack of Full Retroactive Protection for Pre-Existing Copyrighted Works | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2004 | Priority Watch List | Sound Recordings; Digital Piracy; Online Music Piracy; Book Piracy; Street Vendors; Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| 2005 | Watch List | Temporary Copies; Piracy of DVDs, Computer Software, University Textbooks; Street Vendors; Pharmaceuticals | Trademarks; Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Strengthen Relevant Provisions of its Copyright Act and Computer Programs Protection Act; Clarify Scope of Their Private Copy Exception; Extend Term of Copyright Protection for Works and Sound Recordings; Pharmaceuticals | Piracy of DVDs, Computer Software & Books; Patents | Establishment of Copyright Protection Center & Standing Inspection Team | |
| 2007 | Watch List | Piracy; Counterfeiting | Patents; Copyrights; Trademarks | Recently completed free trade agreement | |
| 2008 | Watch List | Piracy; Counterfeiting | Patens; Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| ROMANIA | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Piracy of Sound Recordings (video, broadcast television, and cable television); Piracy of Business and Entertainment Software | Copyrights | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Sound Recordings; Audiovisual Products (videos, broadcast television, cable television); Computer Software | Copyrights | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Poor Border Enforcement; Lack of Resources | Copyrights | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | Optical Disc Piracy; Border Enforcement; Rare Prosecutions; Lack of Deterrent Penalties; Lack of Effective Legislation | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| 2005 | Watch List | Judicial Enforcement | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Judicial Enforcement; Piracy of Business Software, Music and Entertainment Software | Copyrights; Trademarks | General Prosecutor’s Office of the Supreme Court designated as the national coordinator for IPR enforcement; Requirement of Source Identification Codes for optical disc manufacturing | |
| 2007 | Watch List | Internet Piracy; Weak Enforcement | Copyrights | ||
| 2008 | Watch List | Internet Piracy; Lack of Deterrent Sentences | Copyrights | ||
| SAUDI ARABIA | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Pharmaceuticals; Laws not in Conformity with TRIPS | Patents; Copyrights | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Lack of Judicial Enforcement; Lack of Deterrent Penalties | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Lack of Deterrent Sentences; Inadequate Judicial System | Copyrights; Patents; Trademarks | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | Piracy of Sound Recordings; Inadequate “ex parte” Civil Search Orders; Lack of Deterrent Penalties; Piracy of Optical Discs, Books, Television and Software; Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2005 | Watch List | Destruction of Seized Goods; Enforcement; Deterrent Sentences | Copyrights; Trademarks | Entry into WTO. Seized 1.2 million audio-visual materials in March 2005. | |
| 2006 | Watch List | Enforcement (border); Judicial Enforcement | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2007 | Watch List | Piracy; Counterfeiting | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2008 | Watch List | Jail Sentences for Serious Offenses; Border Enforcement | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| TAIWAN | |||||
| 2001 | Priority Watch List | Optical Media Piracy; Copyright Laws out of Compliance with TRIPS; Counterfeiting of Spare Auto Parts | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2002 | Priority Watch List | Optical Media Piracy | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2003 | Priority Watch List | Optical Media Piracy and Counterfeiting | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2004 | Priority Watch List | Small Custom Optical Media Burning Operations; Border Enforcement; Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Products | Trademarks; Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2005 | Watch List | Internet Piracy; Judicial Reforms; Copying of Textbooks; Cable Piracy; Pharmaceuticals; Business Software | Patents; Trademarks; Copyrights | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Border Enforcement; Legislative amendments to Address ISP Liabilities; Stronger Criminal Penalties; Copyrights (sound recordings) | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2007 | Watch List | Counterfeiting; Internet Piracy (especially on TANet); Inadequate Legislation; Weak Criminal Penalties | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2008 | Watch List | Internet Piracy (especially on TANet); Legislation; | Copyrights | ||
| TAJIKISTAN | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Not Yet a Party to the Geneva Phonograms Convention; Piracy of Sound Recordings | Copyrights | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Sound Recordings | Copyrights | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Not Yet a Party to the Geneva Phonograms Convention; Piracy of Sound Recordings; No Criminal Penalties | Copyrights | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | Piracy of Sound Recordings; No Criminal Penalties | Copyrights | Trade and Investment Framework Agreement signed | |
| 2005 | Watch List | Weak Enforcement; No Criminal Penalties | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Legal Reforms, Enforcement; Lack of Criminal Penalties | |||
| 2007 | Watch List | Has not yet Fulfilled its IPR Obligations under the U.S.-Tajikistan Bilateral Agreement; Lacks Criminal Penalties; Needs Legal Reforms; Copyright Law does not Provide Protection for Sound Recordings or Pre-existing Works | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2008 | Watch List | Lack of Criminal Penalties for IPR Violations; Border Enforcement | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| THAILAND | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Piracy of Business Software and Media Piracy | Copyrights | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Optical Disk Piracy; End-User Piracy of Business Software; Judicial Delays; Lack of Deterrent Sentences | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Optical Media Piracy, Business and Entertainment Piracy; Cable Piracy | Copyrights | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | Optical Media Piracy; Enforcement Remains Uncoordinated and Sporadic; Piracy of Optical Disc Video Games, Clothing/Apparel, Watches, Leather Goods, Jewelry, Lighters; Auto Parts, Mobile Phone Accessories, Batteries, and Wine; Book Piracy; Broadcast Piracy | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2005 | Watch List | Optical Disc Piracy; Optical Disc Legislation; Photocopying of Books; Cable Piracy; Video Game Piracy; Internet Piracy; Business Software Piracy; Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Enforcement; Optical Disc Pirate Production Plants; Weak Optical Disc Legislation, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Companies; Optical Discs; Photocopying of Books; Cable Signals; Entertainment and Business Software; Music on the Internet | Trademarks; Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2007 | N/A | ||||
| 2008 | Priority Watch List | Optical Disc Piracy; Lack of Deterrent Sentences; Book Piracy; Cable Piracy; Signal Theft; Entertainment and Business Software Piracy | Trademarks; Copyrights | ||
| TURKMENISTAN | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Not Yet a Party to the Berne Convention or the Geneva Phonograms Convention; Criminal Penalties not Adopted; Weak Border Enforcement | Copyrights | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Sound Recordings; No Criminal Penalties; No Authority to Seize Material at Border | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Not Yet a Party to the Berne Convention; Piracy of Sound Recordings; Weak Border Enforcement | Copyrights | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | Outdated Copyright Law; No Protection for Sound Recordings or Pre-existing Works; No Criminal Penalties | Copyrights | ||
| 2005 | Watch List | Sound Recordings; No Criminal Penalties | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Legal Reforms | Copyrights | Failed to fulfill IPR obligations under the U.S.-Turkmenistan Trade Agreement; No clear criminal procedures or penalties for IPR infringement | |
| 2007 | Watch List | No Clear Criminal Procedures or Penalties for IPR infringement; Legal Reforms | Copyrights | ||
| 2008 | Watch List | Lack of Fulfillment under US-Turkmenistan Trade Agreement; No Copyright Law; Border Enforcement | Copyrights | ||
| UZBEKISTAN | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Not Yet a Party to the Berne Convention or the Geneva Phonograms Convention | Copyrights | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Not Yet a Party to the Berne Convention; Sound Recordings | Copyrights | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Not Yet a Member of the Berne Convention or the Geneva Convention; Piracy of Sound Recordings; Weak Border Enforcement | Copyrights | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | No Protection for Sound Recordings or Pre-existing Works; Weak Criminal Penalties | Copyrights | ||
| 2005 | Watch List | Sound Recordings; Inadequate Criminal Penalties | Copyrights | ||
| 2006 | Watch List | Border Enforcement; Inadequate Criminal Penalties | Copyrights | Appeared to be out of compliance with its intellectual property commitments under the U.S.-Uzbekistan Trade Agreement (emphasis on copyright protection and enforcement) | |
| 2007 | Watch List | Copyright Protection and Enforcement; Sound Recordings and Pre-existing Works; Inadequate Criminal Penalties | Copyrights | ||
| 2008 | Watch List | Protection for Sound Recordings and Pre-Existing Works; Lack of Ex Officio Authority; Inadequate Criminal Penalties | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| VIETNAM | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Copyright Piracy Very High; Inadequate Laws and Regulations | |||
| 2002 | Watch List | Piracy of CDS, VCDs and DVDs | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Rampant Violations; Cultural Products; Piracy of CD’s, VCD’s, and DVD’s; Counterfeit Clothing | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | Piracy of DVDs, CDs and VCDs; Reluctant Judges to Impose Deterrent Sentences; Pharmaceuticals; Unlicensed Clothing | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| 2005 | Watch List | Pharmaceuticals; Reluctant Judges to Impose Penalties or Fines | Copyrights; Patents | Passage of Comprehensive IPR law | |
| 2006 | Watch List | Pirated CDs, VCDs and DVDs | Copyrights | ||
| 2007 | Watch List | Satellite Signal Piracy; Ineffective Deterrent Penalties; Failure to Destroy Infringing Goods and Equipment Used to Make Them | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2008 | Watch List | Border Enforcement; Internet Piracy; Optical Media | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| CHINA | |||||
| 2001 | Section 306 | All | All | ||
| 2002 | Section 306 | All | All | ||
| 2003 | Section 306 | All | All | ||
| 2004 | Section 306 | All | All | ||
| 2005 | OCR Review | All | All | ||
| 2006 | Priority Watch List | All | All | 85-93% of all copyrighted material sold in China in 2006 was pirated. | |
| 2007 | Priority Watch List | All | All | ||
| 2008 | Priority Watch List | All | All | ||
| RUSSIA | |||||
| 2001 | Priority Watch List | Lack of Retroactive Protection for Works and Sound Recordings; Lack of Legislation to Control Pirated Optical Media; Unauthorized Production and Export of CDs and CD-ROMs; Inadequate Protection of Well-Known Trademarks; Household Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals | Trademarks; Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2002 | Priority Watch List | Unauthorized Production and Export of CDs and CD-ROMs; Optical Disk Media; Pharmaceuticals | Trademarks; Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2003 | Priority Watch List | Lack of Copyright and Trademark Laws; Piracy of Optical Media; Weak Border Enforcement | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2004 | Priority Watch List | Inadequate Copyright Laws; Piracy of Sound Recordings; Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products; Weak Border Enforcement; Optical Disc Piracy | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | U.S. copyright industry estimates losses at $1.7 billion for 2004. | |
| 2005 | Priority Watch List | Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products; Piracy of Optical Media, Recordings, Motions Pictures, Business Software, Entertainment Software; Ineffective Criminal Enforcement System; Infrequent Destruction of Seized Pirated Goods; Internet Piracy | Trademarks; Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2006 | Priority Watch List | Optical Disc Pirate Production (located on government owned facilities); Internet Piracy; Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Companies; TRIPS Compliance; Border Enforcement; Inadequate Copyright Enforcement | Copyrights; Patents; Trademarks | Proposed Part IV of the Civil Code which would replace existing IPR laws raises questions about its compliance with international norms. | |
| 2007 | Priority Watch List | Pirated Music; Poor Enforcement; Sporadic and Inadequate Prosecution of IP cases; Pharmaceuticals; Border Enforcement | Copyrights; Patents; Trademarks | U.S. cpoyright industry estimates losses at $1.4 billion for 2007. | |
| 2008 | Priority Watch List | Optical disc piracy; Internet Piracy; Sporadic and Inadequate Prosecutions; Failure by Courts to Impose Deterrent Penalties | Copyrights; Patents; Trademarks | ||
| ARGENTINA | |||||
| 2001 | Priority Watch List | Unauthorized Use of Protected Seed Varieties; Pharmaceuticals; Inadequate Copyright Laws; Failure to Provide Preliminary Injunctions | |||
| 2002 | Priority Watch List | Counterfeit Brand Name Goods; Unlicensed Software; Criminal Charges and Convictions Rarely Sought or Obtained; Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | U.S.-Argentina Agreement signed in May 2002 | |
| 2003 | Priority Watch List | CD-R and Videogame Piracy; Unauthorized use of Protected Seed Varities; Piracy of Recorded Music, Videos, Book and Computer Software; Border Controls; Slow Court Procedures | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| 2004 | Priority Watch List | Piracy of Recordable CDS, Optical Media, Entertainment Software, Sound Recordings, Books and Films; Weak Border Controls; Slow Court Procedures, Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | Implementation of new protection patent law, January 2004 | |
| 2005 | Priority Watch List | Piracy of Audiovisual, Sound Recordings, Entertainment Software, Business Software, and Book Publishing; Lack of Deterrent Criminal Penalties; Delays in Criminal and Civil Cases; Border Controls; Agricultural Biotechnology Products, Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights, Trademarks, Patents | ||
| 2006 | Priority Watch List | Pharmaceuticals; Copyright Piracy; Music Piracy (internet & burned CD-Rs); Entertainment & Business Software; Book Publishing | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| 2007 | Priority Watch List | Pharmaceuticals; Copyright Piracy | Patents; Copyrights | ||
| 2008 | Priority Watch List | Pharmaceuticals; Copyright Piracy; Lack of Deterrent Penalties | Patents; Copyrights | ||
| BELIZE | |||||
| 2001 | N/A | ||||
| 2002 | N/A | ||||
| 2003 | N/A | ||||
| 2004 | Watch List | Counterfeit Goods in Pharmaceutical and Tobacco Sectors | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2005 | Watch List | Insufficient Cooperation Between Rights Holders and Government Entities | Copyrights | ||
| 2006 | Priority Watch List | Willingness of Authorities to Conduct Inspections, Seize Counterfeit and Pirated Goods Complete Prosecutions and Issue Deterrent Sentences; Border Enforcement | Copyrights | ||
| 2007 | Watch List | Border Enforcement; Counterfeiting; Piracy | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2008 | N/A | ||||
| BRAZIL | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Pharmaceuticals; Serious Copyrights Piracy | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2002 | Priority Watch List | Music Piracy | Copyrights | ||
| 2003 | Priority Watch List | Optical Disc Piracy; Sound Recording and Videocassette Piracy; Few Prosecutions; Patent Applications | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| 2004 | Priority Watch List | Optical Media Piracy and Internet Piracy; Inadequate Criminal Enforcement; Few Prosecutions; Ineffective Border Enforcement; Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| 2005 | Priority Watch List | Optical Media and Internet Piracy; Border Enforcement; Few Criminal Prosecutions and Convictions; Backlog of Pending Patent Applications | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | Adoption of a National Action Plan by Brazil’s National Council to Combat Piracy and Intellectual Property Crimes. | |
| 2006 | Priority Watch List | Piracy; Counterfeiting; Pharmaceuticals; Lack of Prosecutions | Patents; Copyrights | Formation of a public-private National Anti-Piracy Council | |
| 2007 | Watch List | Piracy; Counterfeiting; Patent Approval Process; Pharmaceuticals | Patents; Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2008 | Watch List | Book Piracy; Internet Piracy | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| EGYPT | |||||
| 2001 | Priority Watch List | Inadequate Copyright Laws; Piracy of Sound Recordings; Approval of Fraudulent Licenses; Patent Law; Piracy of Audio and Video CDs | Trademarks; Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2002 | Priority Watch List | Ineffective Copyright and Trademark Laws; False Licenses | Trademarks; Copyrights | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Counterfeiting Photocopy and Reprint Piracy, Retail Piracy, Corporate End-user Software Piracy, Videogame Piracy; False Licenses | Patents; Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2004 | Priority Watch List | PHARMACEUTICALS; Book Publishing; Piracy of CDs, DVDs, and VCDs | Patents; Copyrights | Unauthorized marketing approvals granted for patent infringing pharmaceutical products. Losses to US industries in 2004 estimated at $72.5 million from Egypt. | |
| 2005 | Priority Watch List | Problems with Judicial System; Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products; Book Publishing; Entertainment and Business Software | Trademarks; Copyrights; Patents | Reports that Ministry of Health has taken actions to undermine Egypt’s obligations under TRIPS. | |
| 2006 | Priority Watch List | Judicial Enforcement; Pharmaceuticals; Court System Operates Inefficiently; Copyright Piracy for Book Publishing, Entertainment Software, and Business Software | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| 2007 | Priority Watch List | Inadequate Judicial System; Pharmaceuticals; Inadequate Legislation; A Transshipment Point for Pirated and Counterfeit Goods | Patents; Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2008 | Watch List | Book Piracy; Entertainment Software Piracy; Deterrent Sentences; Pharmaceuticals | Patents; Copyrights | ||
| INDIA | |||||
| 2001 | Priority Watch List | Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products; Inadequate Patent Protection; Piracy of Motion Pictures, Music, Software, Books, and Video Games | Patents; Copyrights | ||
| 2002 | Priority Watch List | Patent System and Protection of Exclusive Test Data; Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Products; Internet Piracy | Patents; Copyrights | ||
| 2003 | Priority Watch List | Piracy of Fiction Works and Textbooks; Piracy of Computer Software; Counterfeiting of Apparel, Pharmaceuticals and Auto Parts | Patents; Trademarks; Copyrights | ||
| 2004 | Priority Watch List | Inadequate Laws; Biotechnology Inventions; Pharmaceuticals and Agricultural Chemical Products; Piracy of Software, Films, Popular Fiction, and Certain Textbooks; Optical Media Piracy; Counterfeiting, Particularly for Medicines and Auto Parts; Court System Low; Few Convictions; Inadequate Border Protection | Patents; Trademarks; Copyrights | ||
| 2005 | Priority Watch List | Inadequate Laws; Ineffective Enforcement; Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products; Copyright Piracy; Optical media Piracy; Cable TV Piracy; Border Protection | Trademarks; Copyrights; Patents | Passed legislation to provide for product patents for pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. Lost sales from Piracy in India to US companies estimated at $500 million. | |
| 2006 | Priority Watch List | Inadequate Laws (software, films, popular fiction works, textbooks, and cable signals); Ineffective Enforcement; Pharmaceuticals; Border Enforcement; Ineffective Police Action, Judicial Enforcement | Copyrights; Trade marks; Patents | ||
| 2007 | Priority Watch List | Inadequate Copyright Laws; Enforcement; Optical Disc Licensing; Inadequate Judicial System; Border Enforcement | Trademarks; Copyrights | ||
| 2008 | Priority Watch List | Internet Piracy; Pharmaceuticals and Distilled Spirits; Inadequate Police Action; Border Enforcement | Trademarks; Copyrights; Patents | ||
| INDONESIA | |||||
| 2001 | Priority Watch List | Music and Business Software Piracy; Motion Picture Piracy; Game Software Piracy; Ineffective Judicial System | Trademarks; Copyrights | ||
| 2002 | Priority Watch List | Optical Media; Book Piracy; Ineffective Judicial System | Trademarks; Copyrights | ||
| 2003 | Priority Watch List | Seizing and Destroying Machinery and Materials Used in Piracy; Illegal Optical Media; Long Delays in Prosecutions; Lack of Deterrent Penalties | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2004 | Priority Watch List | Piracy of Optical Media Products (CDs, VCDs, DVDs, CD-ROMs); Deficient Judicial System; Pharmaceuticals; Trademark Counterfeiting, IT Products, Clothing and Soft Drinks | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| 2005 | Priority Watch List | Enforcement; Adequacy of Regulations; Pirated Optical Media Products; Trademark Infringement; Deficient Judicial System; Infringement of Information Technology Products, Clothing and Soft Drinks | Trademarks; Copyrights | Optical Disc Regulation took effect in April of 2005 (only a commitment on paper so far). | |
| 2006 | Priority Watch List | RE-establishment of a Ministerial-level National IP Task Force | |||
| 2007 | Watch List | High Piracy Rates; Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2008 | Watch List | Inadequate Application of IPR laws by the Courts; Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| ISRAEL | |||||
| 2001 | Priority Watch List | Transshipment Point for Pirated Versions of Russian-language Software as well as Audio and Video CDs and Cassettes | Patents; Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2002 | Priority Watch List | Pharmaceuticals; Business Software; Court Procedural Delays | Patents; Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Corporate End-user Piracy; Business Software Piracy | Copyrights | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | Sound Recordings; Patent Infringement | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2005 | Priority Watch List | PHARMACEUTICALS; Biotechnology | Patents; Copyrights; Trademarks | March 2005 passed legislation that weakened protection for pharmaceutical companies. In December of 2005 passed legislation that reduced term of pharmaceutical patent extension granted to compensate for delays in obtaining regulatory approval of a drug. | |
| 2006 | Priority Watch List | Possible Copyright Legislation that Would Weaken Protections for U.S. Rights Holders of Sound Recordings; Data Protection | |||
| 2007 | Priority Watch List | Pharmaceuticals | Patents; Copyrights | ||
| 2008 | Priority Watch List | Pharmaceuticals | Patents | ||
| LEBANON | |||||
| 2001 | Priority Watch List | Cable Piracy; Piracy of Video and Audio Cassettes; Software and Book Piracy; Clogged Judicial System | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2002 | Priority Watch List | Cable Piracy; Computer Software; Optical Media | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2003 | Priority Watch List | Cable Piracy; Piracy of Computer Software; Book Piracy | Copyrights | ||
| 2004 | Priority Watch List | Optical Disc and Cable Piracy; Pharmaceuticals; Slow and Inefficient Judiciary | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| 2005 | Priority Watch List | Cable Piracy, Retail Piracy of Pre-Recorded Optical Discs, Computer Software Piracy, Pharmaceutical Counterfeiting, Inefficient Data Protection | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2006 | Priority Watch List | Cable Piracy; Copyright Piracy on Internet; Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights, Patents | In 2006 Lebanese Government formed a High Tech Crime Unit within police. | |
| 2007 | Priority Watch List | Cable Piracy; Copyright Piracy | Copyrights | ||
| 2008 | Watch List | Cable Piracy; Book Piracy; Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| TURKEY | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Optical Media Piracy; Counterfeiting of Trademarked Apparel | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Pharmaceuticals; Banderole System | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Piracy of DVD’s and other Optical Media Products; Weak Border Controls | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2004 | Priority Watch List | Data Exclusivity; Pharmaceuticals; Piracy of Optical Media (burnt CD-Rs); Lack of Deterrent Penalties; Low Criminal Penalties; Counterfeiting in Apparel and Designer Brands; Weak Border Enforcement | Copyrights; Patents; Trademarks | ||
| 2005 | Priority Watch List | Future Pharmaceutical Products; Agricultural Chemical Products; Commercial Photocopying of Books and Highly Organized Print Piracy; Street Piracy; Counterfeiting of Apparel and Designer Brands | Trademarks; Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2006 | Priority Watch List | Enforcement Against Book, Retail, and Optical Disc Piracy; Judicial Inefficiency and Backlogs of Court Cases; Pharmaceuticals (start of the period of protection and the inappropriate linkage of the term of data protection to the length of the patent term) | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2007 | Priority Watch List | Book Piracy; Business Software Piracy in the Private Sector; Government Use of Illegal Software; Judicial Inefficiency; Pharmaceuticals | Patents; Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2008 | Watch List | Pharmaceuticals | Patents | ||
| UKRAINE | |||||
| 2001 | Priority Foreign Country | Optical Media Piracy; Pirated Compact Disks | Copyrights | Withdrew benefits under Generalized System of Preferences program in August 2001. | |
| 2002 | Priority Foreign Country | Optical Disk Law; Failure to Comply with June 2000 Joint Action Plan | Trademarks; Copyrights | Imposed $75 million worth of sanctions in January of 2002. | |
| 2003 | Priority Foreign Country | Failure to Adopt and Enforce Adequate Optical Media Licensing Legislation; Street Sales, Enforcement of Trademarks | Trademarks; Copyrights | ||
| 2004 | Priority Foreign Country | Unauthorized Optical Media Production and Distribution; Major Transshipment Point; Production and Export of CD’s and CD-ROM’s; Lack of Cooperation of Law Enforcement; High Levels of Piracy and Trademark Counterfeiting | Trademarks; Copyrights | ||
| 2005 | Priority Foreign Country | Failures to Implement Adequate Optical Disc Media Licensing Legislation; Border Enforcement; Criminal Penalties not Enough to Act as an Effective Deterrent | Trademarks, Copyrights | Commencement of Special 301 out-of-cycle review to monitor optical media law. | |
| 2006 | Priority Watch List | Border Enforcement; Lack of Criminal Penalties; Pharmaceutical & Agricultural Chemical Products; Remains a Transshipment Point and Storage Location for Illegal Optical Media Produced in Russia and Elsewhere | Patents, Copyrights | Reinstated benefits under GSP program. Implemented new OD amendments. Agreed to establish bi-monthly Enforcement Cooperation Group with the U.S. Embassy in Ukraine and U.S. industry representatives. | |
| 2007 | Priority Watch List | A Transshipment Point and Storage Location for Illegal Optical Media Produced in Russia; Retail Piracy; Border Enforcement; Internet Piracy; Pirated Business Software | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2008 | Watch List | Optical Disc Factories; Border Enforcement | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| VENEZUELA | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Delays in Judicial System; Inadequate Copyright Laws | Copyrights | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Pharmaceuticals | Patents | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Piracy; Prosecution Levels Low | Copyrights | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | Pharmaceuticals; Minimal Prosecutions | Patents; Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2005 | Priority Watch List | Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products; Minimal Prosecutions; Music, Film and Software Piracy; Inadequate Legislative Proposals | Trademarks, Copyrights and Patents | ||
| 2006 | Priority Watch List | Copyright Piracy; Inadequate Legislative Proposals; Trademark Counterfeiting, Pharmaceuticals; Enforcement | Copyrights, Trademarks; Patents | ||
| 2007 | Priority Watch List | Copyright Piracy; Pharmaceuticals; Counterfeiting; Inadequate Legislation | Patents; Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2008 | Priority Watch List | Copyright Piracy; Pharmaceuticals; Inadequate Legislation | Patents; Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| PARAGUAY | |||||
| 2001 | Section 306 | Inadequate Copyright Laws; A Transshipment Point | Trademarks; Copyrights | ||
| 2002 | Section 306 | Distribution Point for Pirated Goods Destined for Latin American; Pirated CD’s; Border Enforcement | Trademarks; Copyrights | ||
| 2003 | Section 306 | Weak Border Enforcement; Organized Crime in Piracy and Counterfeiting; Few Resources for Raids and Investigations | Trademarks; Copyrights | ||
| 2004 | Section 306 | Poor Internal Enforcement; Weak Border Enforcement; Organized Crime in Piracy and Counterfeiting Operations; Few Criminal Investigations and Raids; Lack of Willingness to Impose Deterrent Sentences | Trademarks; Copyrights | ||
| 2005 | Section 306 | Internal Enforcement; Border Enforcement; Low Penalties in Current Laws; Ineffective Prosecutions; Involvement of Organized Crime in Piracy and Counterfeiting | Trademarks, Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2006 | Section 306 | Border Enforcement; Pharmaceuticals; Ineffective Prosecutions; Lack of Consistent Deterrent Sentences | Trademarks; Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2007 | Section 306 | Porous Borders; Ineffective Prosecutions; Lack of Consistent Deterrent Sentences; Patent Protection | Copyrights; Patents; Trademarks | ||
| 2008 | Section 306 | Porous Borders; Ineffective Prosecutions; Lack of Deterrent Sentences; Pharmaceuticals | Copyrights; Trademarks; Patents | ||
| AZERBAIJAN | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Not Yet a Party to the Geneva Phonograms Convention; Border Enforcement | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Sound Recordings; Minimal Penalties | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Sound Recordings; Inadequate Copyright Laws | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | No Protection for Pre-Existing Works or Sound Recordings; Weak Border Enforcement; No Convictions for Copyright Infringement | Copyrights | ||
| 2005 | Watch List | No Protection For Pre-Existing Works or Sound Recordings; Border Protection; No Criminal Laws For IPR Violations | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2006 | N/A | ||||
| 2007 | N/A | ||||
| 2008 | N/A | ||||
| KAZAKHSTAN | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Copyright Laws | Copyrights | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Sound Recordings | Copyrights | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Pre-Existing Works and Sound Recordings; Ineffective Criminal Penalties | Copyrights | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | Pre-Existing Works or Sound Recordings; Few Convictions; Minimal Penalties | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2005 | Watch List | Weak Penalties; Few Convictions | Trademarks; Copyrights | ||
| 2006 | N/A | ||||
| 2007 | N/A | ||||
| 2008 | N/A | ||||
| SLOVAKIA | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Deficient Patent Protection; No Civil Ex Parte Search Procedures; Border Enforcement | Patents; Copyrights | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Pharmaceuticals | Patents | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Pharmaceuticals; CD Burning; Copyright Piracy | Patents; Copyrights | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | Pharmaceuticals; Imports of Pirated Optical Media from Russia and Ukraine | Patents; Copyrights | ||
| 2005 | Watch List | Pharmaceuticals | Patents | ||
| 2006 | N/A | ||||
| 2007 | N/A | ||||
| 2008 | N/A | ||||
| URUGUAY | |||||
| 2001 | Priority Watch List | Outdat3ed Copyright and Patent Law; Criminal and Civil Copyright Cases Weak and Sporadic | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2002 | Priority Watch List | Literary Work; Border Enforcement; Major Transshipment Point for Pirated Products | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2003 | Watch List | Piracy; Transshipment Point; Inadequate Patent Law | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2004 | Watch List | Ineffective Enforcement; Confidential Test Data | Copyrights; Patents | ||
| 2005 | Watch List | Enforcement; Confidential Test Data | Copyrights, Trademarks; Patents | ||
| 2006 | N/A | ||||
| 2007 | N/A | ||||
| 2008 | N/A | ||||
| NEW ZEALAND | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Inadequate Legislation | Copyrights | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Ineffective Laws | Copyrights | ||
| 2003 | N/A | ||||
| 2004 | N/A | ||||
| 2005 | N/A | ||||
| 2006 | N/A | ||||
| 2007 | N/A | ||||
| 2008 | N/A | ||||
| MACAU | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Failure to Convict and Sentence Manufacturers of Infringing Intellectual Property | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2002 | N/A | ||||
| 2003 | N/A | ||||
| 2004 | N/A | ||||
| 2005 | N/A | ||||
| 2006 | N/A | ||||
| 2007 | N/A | ||||
| 2008 | N/A | ||||
| ARMENIA | |||||
| 2001 | Watch List | Not Yet a Party to the Geneva Phonograms Convention; No Known Convictions | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2002 | Watch List | Sound Recordings; No Convictions Under New Law | Copyrights; Trademarks | ||
| 2003 | N/A |